For example:. When you are quoting from a source that does not have page numbers such as a website , you will consult your style guide to determine how best to reference your source.
You quote materials from a source text to support the arguments and ideas you are presenting in your own essay. Therefore, you must introduce the quotation and explain to your reader why you have included it and how it relates to, and helps to build, your argument. This is known as framing. New York and London: W. Quoting: When and how to use quotations. Welcome back! You have a chosen a quotation for your essay. But, why that specific quotation? A good quotation should do one or more of the following:.
If the quotation does not meet a few of these objectives, then it is of little value. Merely stuffing a quotation into your essay can do more harm than good. Should the quotation speak for the essay or should the essay speak for the quotation? Quotations should add impact to the essay and not steal the show.
If your quotation has more punch than your essay, then something is seriously wrong. Your essay should be able to stand on its own legs; the quotation should merely make this stand stronger.
Using too many quotations is like having several people shouting on your behalf. This will drown out your voice. Refrain from overcrowding your essay with words of wisdom from famous people.
You own the essay, so make sure that you are heard. There are some rules and standards when using quotations in an essay. The most important one is that you should not give the impression of being the author of the quotation.
That would amount to plagiarism. Here are a set of rules to clearly distinguish your writing from the quotation:. An essay can seem quite jarring if the quotation does not blend in. The quotation should naturally fit into your essay. No one is interested in reading quotation-stuffed essays.
Here are some good tips on blending in your quotations:. It is usually better to have short and crisp quotations in your essay. Generally, long quotations must be used sparingly as they tend to weigh down the reader. However, there are times when your essay has more impact with a longer quotation. If you have decided to use a long quotation, consider paraphrasing , as it usually works better.
But, there is a downside to paraphrasing too. Instead of paraphrasing, if you use a direct quotation , you will avoid misrepresentation. The decision to use a long quotation is not trivial. It is your judgment call. If you are convinced that a particular long quotation is more effective, be sure to format and punctuate it correctly. On each shift a resource nurse attends to the functioning of the unit as a whole, such as making sure beds are available in the operating room , and also has a patient assignment.
The nurse clinician orients new staff, develops policies, and provides support where needed. The clinical nurse specialist also orients new staff, mostly by formal teaching. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist , as the designated experts, do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is not only a caregiver but a resource to the other caregivers.
Within the staff nurses there is also a hierarchy of seniority. Their job is to give assigned patients all their nursing care. The phrases in red are directly copied from the source or changed only slightly in form. Even if the student-writer had acknowledged Chase as the source of the content, the language of the passage would be considered plagiarized because no quotation marks indicate the phrases that come directly from Chase.
And if quotation marks did appear around all these phrases, this paragraph would be so cluttered that it would be unreadable. Chase describes how nurses in a critical care unit function in a hierarchy that places designated experts at the top and the least senior staff nurses at the bottom.
The experts — the nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist — are not involved directly in patient care. The staff nurses, in contrast, are assigned to patients and provide all their nursing care. Within the staff nurses is a hierarchy of seniority in which the most senior can become resource nurses: they are assigned a patient but also serve as a resource to other caregivers.
The experts have administrative and teaching tasks such as selecting and orienting new staff, developing unit policies , and giving hands-on support where needed. In her study of the roles of nurses in a critical care unit, Chase also found a hierarchy that distinguished the roles of experts and others. Just as the educational experts described above do not directly teach students, the experts in this unit do not directly attend to patients.
The roles of the experts include employing unit nurses and overseeing the care of special patients nurse manager , teaching and otherwise integrating new personnel into the unit clinical nurse specialist and nurse clinician , and policy-making nurse clinician.
In an intermediate position in the hierarchy is the resource nurse, a staff nurse with more experience than the others, who assumes direct care of patients as the other staff nurses do, but also takes on tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the entire facility. Chase, S. The social context of critical care clinical judgment. Heart and Lung, 24, One of your jobs as a writer is to guide your reader through your text. Often both the signal and the assertion appear in a single introductory statement, as in the example below.
Notice how a transitional phrase also serves to connect the quotation smoothly to the introductory statement. Ross , in her study of poor and working-class mothers in London from [signal], makes it clear that economic status to a large extent determined the meaning of motherhood [assertion]. Illness was rarely a routine matter in the nineteenth century [assertion].
Incorporate short direct prose quotations into the text of your paper and enclose them in double quotation marks:.
Begin longer quotations for instance, in the APA system, 40 words or more on a new line and indent the entire quotation i. Unsucessful Paraphrases page. More than 3 lines of poetry should be indented. As with any extended indented quotation, do not use quotation marks unless you need to indicate a quotation within your quotation. With short quotations, place citations outside of closing quotation marks, followed by sentence punctuation period, question mark, comma, semi-colon, colon :.
Menand acknowledges that H. Place outside of closing quotation marks if the entire sentence containing the quotation is a question or exclamation:. According to Hertzberg , Dahl gives the U. Use ellipsis points. Within quotations, use square brackets [ ] not parentheses to add your own clarification, comment, or correction. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th ed. Bazerman, C. The informed writer: Using sources in the disciplines 5th ed.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Leki, I. Academic writing: Exploring processes and strategies 2nd ed. New York: St.
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