The brain and spinal cord are protected by the bones of the skull and the vertebrae of the spine. They are further protected by the meninges , a three-layer membrane that encloses the brain and spinal cord. A thin layer of cerebrospinal fluid is maintained between two of the meningeal layers.
This clear fluid is produced by the brain, and it provides extra protection and cushioning for the brain and spinal cord. The meninges membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord inside their cavities may become inflamed, generally due to a bacterial or viral infection. This condition is called meningitis , and it can lead to serious long-term consequences such as deafness, epilepsy, or cognitive deficits, especially if not treated quickly.
Meningitis can also rapidly become life-threatening, so it is classified as a medical emergency. Learning the symptoms of meningitis may help you or a loved one get prompt medical attention if you ever develop the disease.
Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit less specific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding.
The fluid is analyzed in a medical lab for the presence of pathogens. If meningitis is diagnosed, treatment consists of antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs. Corticosteroids may also be administered to reduce inflammation and the risk of complications such as brain damage.
Supportive measures such as IV fluids may also be provided. Some types of meningitis can be prevented with a vaccine. Ask your health care professional whether you have had the vaccine or should get it. Giving antibiotics to people who have had significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may reduce their risk of developing the disease.
If someone you know is diagnosed with meningitis and you are concerned about contracting the disease yourself, see your doctor for advice. Mayo Clinic Staff. This cavity contains the brain, the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid. The vertebral cavity is the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures within the vertebral column. These include the spinal cord, the meninges of the spinal cord, and the fluid-filled spaces between them.
This is the most narrow of all body cavities, sometimes described as threadlike. The ventral cavity, the interior space in the front of the body, contains many different organ systems. The organs within the ventral cavity are also called viscera. The ventral cavity has anterior and posterior portions divided by the diaphragm, a sheet of skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs.
The thoracic cavity is the anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso. It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and the thymus gland. The thoracic cavity is lined by two types of mesothelium, a type of membrane tissue that lines the ventral cavity: the pleura lining of the lungs, and the pericadium lining of the heart.
The abdominoplevic cavity is the posterior ventral body cavity found beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm. It is generally divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms. The serous membranes have two layers—parietal and visceral—surrounding a fluid filled space.
Serous membranes cover the lungs pleural serosa , heart pericardial serosa , and some abdominopelvic organs peritoneal serosa. In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?
Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions. If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first? The bullet would enter the ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of serous membrane first.
Skip to content An Introduction to the Human Body. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Demonstrate the anatomical position Describe the human body using directional and regional terms Identify three planes most commonly used in the study of anatomy Distinguish between the posterior dorsal and the anterior ventral body cavities, identifying their subdivisions and representative organs found in each Describe serous membrane and explain its function.
Anatomical Position To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. Regions of the Human Body. The human body is shown in anatomical position in an a anterior view and a b posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface.
Directional Terms Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook Figure. Anterior or ventral Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body.
The toes are anterior to the foot. Posterior or dorsal Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella. Superior or cranial describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
Inferior or caudal describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column.
The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb pollex is lateral to the digits. Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe. Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium. Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
The crus is distal to the femur. Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones. Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull. Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body. Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body. The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides.
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